Introduction : patterns and practice in the parliamentary representation of women / Marian Sawer, Manon Tremblay and Linda Trimble -- I. The descriptive representation of women -- Women's electoral representation / Ian McAllister -- Women's representation in the Canadian House of Commons / Lisa Young -- Climbing on : rules, values and women's representation in the New Zealand parliament / Elizabeth McLeay -- Women and Westminster : descriptive representation in United Kingdom / Donley T. Studlar -- II. The substantive representation of women -- When women support women ... EMILY's List and the substantive representation of women in Australia / Marian Sawer -- When do women count? Substantive representation of women in Canadian legislatures / Linda Trimble -- The 'new world'? The substantive representation of women in New Zealand / Sandra Grey -- The House turned upside down? The difference Labour's women MPs made / Sarah Childs -- III. New institutions, new opportunities? -- Descriptive and substantive representation in new parliamentary spaces : the case of Scotland / Fiona Mackay -- Women and constitutional reform : gender parity in the National Assembly for Wales / Paul Chaney -- Women in Northern Ireland's politics : feminising an 'armed patriarchy' / Yvonne Galligan -- Paradise lost? Gender parity and the Nunavut experience / Manon Tremblay and Jackie F. Steele -- Conclusion : gendering political representation in the old and new worlds of Westminster / Jennifer Curtain.