Preface. 1. The making of a deterrent force, August 1945-November 1957. 2. The rise of ballistic missile defence. 3. In the shadow of Sputnik: The nuclear sufficiency debate and the restoration of Anglo-American nuclear collaboration, March 1957-February 1959. 4. Breaking the impasse? Polaris and deterrent policy, February 1959-March 1960. 5. The future nuclear programme and the cancellation of Blue Streak, December 1959-April 1960. 6. Skybolt, Polaris and the control of Western nuclear forces, March 1960-May 1961. 7. An arms race intensifies: ABM defence, nuclear testing, and the criteria of deterrence, January 1961-January 1962. 8. Revising the criteria, January-May 1962. 9. The prelude to Nassau, June-December 1962. 10. Securing Polaris: The Nassau negotiations, December 1962 – January 1963.11. The path to the Polaris Sales Agreement, January – April 1963. 12. The origins of a Polaris improvement programme: HR 169 and the emergence of the Moscow ABM system. 13. The MLF, the size of the Polaris force, and the approach of the general election, May 1963 – October 1964.

Written with full access to the UK documentary record, this volume examines how British governments after 1945 tried to build and then maintain an independent, nationally controlled strategic nuclear capability, and the debates this provoked in official circles. Against a background of evolving British ideas about deterrence during the Cold War, it focuses on the strategic, political and diplomatic considerations that compelled governments, in the face of ever-increasing pressures on the defence budget, to persist in their efforts to develop nuclear weapons and to deploy a credible nuclear force, as the age of the manned bomber gave way to the ballistic missile. Particular attention is given to controversies over the portion of the defence budget devoted to the deterrent programme, the effects of the restoration of Anglo-American nuclear collaboration after 1958, increasing reliance on the United States for nuclear delivery systems, the negotiations that led to the Nassau Agreement of 1962 and the supply of Polaris, and discussions within the Western Alliance over the control of nuclear forces. By the time of the October 1964 election, when this volume concludes, previous dismissal of the prospects for successful ballistic missile defence were giving way to growing doubts over the long-term effectiveness of the Polaris system in its role as an independent deterrent, several years before it was due to enter service with the Royal Navy.